Directionel Terms

Directional Terms ,in osteology it is useful to refer the direction of motion or place ment of various skelton parts,most of these direction used for mammals not only human body. these experssion are used for the cranium.

1. Superior: toward the head end of the homonid body.
2. Inferior: opposide of the superior,for homonids,body parts away from the head,Caudal,toward a tail,is often used in the description of quadrupedal anatomy.
3. Anterior: toward the front of homonid body.Ventral , toward the belly,may be used homologously for bipeds and quadrupedals.
4. Posterior: opposite of the anterior,for homonids,toward the back of individual.Dorsal is often used for homologous parts of the quatruped anatomy.
5. Medial: toward the midline.
6. Lateral: opposit of the midline.away from the midline.
7. Proximal: nearest the axial skeleton, usually used for limb bones.
8. Distal: opposite of the proximal.farthest from the axial skeleton.
9. External: outer.
10. Internal: opposite of the external; inside.
11. Endocranial: inner surface of the cranial valut .
12. Ectocarnial: outer surface of the cranial valut.
13. Superficail: close to surface
14. Deep: opposite of the superficial, far from the surface.
15. Subcutaneous: just below the skin.